Abstract
Determination of photoirradiated high polar benzoylureas in tomato by HPLC with luminol chemiluminescence detection
This study reports the first analytical application of luminol chemiluminescence reaction for the sensitive detection of two benzoylurea insecticides (diflubenzuron and triflumuron). Off-line experiments demonstrated that previously irradiated traces of these benzoylurea insecticides largely enhanced the chemiluminescence emission yielded from the oxidation of luminol in methanol:water mixtures, by potassium permanganate in alkaline medium, the enhancement being proportional to the concentration of both pesticides. The two benzoylureas were determined in tomato samples by coupling liquid chromatography with post-column photoderivatization and detection based on this chemiluminescence reaction. Tomato samples were extracted using the QuEChERS method based on extraction with acetonitrile and dispersive solid-phase clean-up using primary and secondary amine (PSA). Interferences due to matrix effect were overcome by using matrix-matched standards. The optimised method was validated with respect to linearity, limits of detection and quantification, precision and accuracy. Under the optimised conditions, calibrations graphs were linear between 0.05 and 0.50 µg mL(-1) for diflubenzuron and between 0.10 and 1.00 µg mL(-1) for triflumuron. Method detection limits were 0.0025 and 0.0131 µg mL(-1) (equivalent to 0.0005 and 0.0026 mg kg(-1)) and quantification limits were 0.05 and 0.10 µg mL(-1) (equivalent to 0.01 and 0.02 mg kg(-1)) for diflubenzuron and triflumuron, respectively. In both cases, quantification limits were lower than the maximum residue levels (MRLs) established by the European legislation. The relative standard deviation of intra-day precision was below 10 % and recoveries were between 79.7 % and 94.2 % for both pesticides.